Unlocking the Potential of the Milk Thistle Extract (Silybum marianum): A Comprehensive Guide.

Antioxidant Properties

Milk thistle is also a powerful antioxidant. This means it helps neutralize free radicals, which are harmful molecules that can cause oxidative stress and damage to cells. Oxidative stress is linked to a range of chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The antioxidant properties of milk thistle contribute to its ability to enhance liver health by preventing the oxidative degradation of lipids in the liver cell membranes [1]. Additionally, milk thistle may be beneficial for a range of conditions beyond liver health, due to its antioxidant properties, hinting at its broad potential applications in health and wellness, including its role in reducing mast cell anaphylaxis-like reactions in allergic rhinitis, improving diabetes management, supporting weight loss efforts, acting as a complementary therapy for type 2 diabetes, and potentially having neuroprotective and anti-aging effects.

Anti-inflammatory Effects

Chronic inflammation is a root cause of many non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis. Silymarin has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the activation of NF-kB, a protein complex that plays a key role in inflammation. A human study demonstrated that silymarin could reduce inflammatory markers in the body, thereby potentially helping to manage conditions associated with chronic inflammation [2].

Cancer Prevention

Emerging research suggests that milk thistle may also have anticancer properties. Silymarin has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in various types of cancers including prostate, breast, and cervical cancer. It acts by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells and inhibiting the proliferation of these cells. While more research is needed to fully understand the role of milk thistle in cancer prevention, the existing data from human studies are promising [3]. More studies are needed to fully grasp the potential of milk thistle in cancer prevention and treatment, reflecting the current state of research and the need for further investigation.

Safety and Tolerability

Milk thistle is generally well-tolerated by most people, but it’s important to be aware of potential side effects and considerations when taking milk thistle. The most common side effects are mild and include gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea, nausea, and bloating. Allergic reactions are rare but possible, especially for individuals who are allergic to plants in the same family as milk thistle, such as ragweed, marigolds, and daisies [1]. Additionally, those taking milk thistle should be cautious of potential interactions with medications and the lack of regulation and standardization in milk thistle products. Pregnant women, individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions, and those with allergies to certain plant families should consult a healthcare provider before taking milk thistle due to the potential for adverse effects.

Conclusion

Milk thistle stands out as a potent natural supplement with multiple health benefits, particularly for liver health, antioxidant support, anti-inflammatory effects, and potential cancer prevention. Its use in nutraceuticals as a nonpharmaceutical intervention offers a promising avenue for supporting overall health and well-being, particularly in populations at risk of liver diseases and chronic inflammation. As with any supplement, it is advisable to consult healthcare providers before starting any new regimen, especially for individuals with existing health conditions or those taking other medications.

Clinical References:

[1] Bhattacharya, Sanjib. “Phytotherapeutic Properties of Milk Thistle Seeds: An Overview.” Semantic Scholar, 2011, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d5676b0a5bb82a098e20bf06832a41c0d8b0b189. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024 

[2] Lovelace, Erica S., et al. “Silymarin Suppresses Cellular Inflammation By Inducing Reparative Stress Signaling.” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 78, no. 8, 2015, pp. 1990-2000, doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00288. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26186142/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[3] Emadi, Seyyed Amir, et al. “A Review of Therapeutic Potentials of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) and Its Main Constituent, Silymarin, on Cancer, and Their Related Patents.” Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, vol. 25, no. 10, 2022, pp. 1166-1176, doi:10.22038/IJBMS.2022.63200.13961. PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9588316/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

Origin of Milk Thistle Extract (Silybum marianum)

Milk thistle, known scientifically as Silybum marianum, is a plant with a storied past that spans over two millennia. The plant’s name is believed to have originated from a legend involving the Virgin Mary. According to folklore, the white mottled patterns on the leaves were formed by the Virgin Mary’s milk, which led to the plant’s common name [8]. The Greek physician Dioscorides was the first to document the medicinal properties of milk thistle in the first century AD [8]. In mediaeval texts, such as those by Matthiolus and Lonicerus, milk thistle was recommended for various ailments, particularly those related to the liver [12].

Botanical Description and Habitat

Silybum marianum is a biennial or annual plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is characterized by its spiny appearance, with large, glossy green leaves that have distinctive white veins, and bright purple to red flowers [7][11]. The plant can grow to a considerable height, ranging from 30 to 200 cm, and is known for its conical shape [7]. Milk thistle is native to the Mediterranean region but has since spread to various parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, North and South America, and Australia [7][11]. It flourishes in sunny, warm environments and commonly grows in disturbed areas like roadsides and pastures [7][13].

Medicinal Properties and Modern Use

The medicinal properties of milk thistle are primarily attributed to a group of compounds known as silymarin, which is a complex mixture of flavonolignans [4][5]. Silymarin is extracted from the seeds of the plant and is renowned for its hepatoprotective effects [8][9]. The extract has been used to treat a variety of liver disorders, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and jaundice, and is also known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [5][10].

Cultivation and Harvesting

The cultivation of milk thistle for medicinal purposes has become more systematic over time. The plant is adaptable and can grow in a range of soil conditions, although it prefers well-drained, fertile soils [7][11]. Milk thistle is typically harvested for its seeds, which contain the highest concentration of silymarin [4][6]. The optimal time for harvesting is when the flower heads have dried, and the seeds have matured [7][11].

Clinical References:

[4] Qavami, N., Naghdi Badi, H., Labbafi, M.R., and Mehrafarin, A. “A Review on Pharmacological, Cultivation and Biotechnology Aspects of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum (L.) Gaertn.).” Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2013. SID, https://www.sid.ir/paper/609899/en. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[5] Aziz, Maryam, et al. “Biochemical Profile of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) with Special Reference to Silymarin Content.” Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 9, no. 1, 9 Nov. 2020, pp. 244-250, doi:10.1002/fsn3.1990. PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7802570/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[6] Liava, Vasiliki, et al. “Seed Germination of Three Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum (L.) Gaertn.) Populations of Greek Origin: Temperature, Duration, and Storage Conditions Effects.” Plants (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 5, 24 Feb. 2023, 1025, doi:10.3390/plants12051025. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10005779/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[7] “Silybum Marianum.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silybum_marianum. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024

[8] Siegel, Abby B., and Justin Stebbing. “Milk Thistle: Early Seeds of Potential.” The Lancet. Oncology, vol. 14, no. 10, 2013, pp. 929-930, doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70414-5. PMC, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4116427/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[9] Emadi, Seyyed Amir, et al. “A Review of Therapeutic Potentials of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) and Its Main Constituent, Silymarin, on Cancer, and Their Related Patents.” Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, vol. 25, no. 10, 2022, pp. 1166-1176, doi:10.22038/IJBMS.2022.63200.13961. PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9588316/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[10] “Milk Thistle.” National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/milk-thistle. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[11] “Milk Thistle.” Agriculture Province of Manitoba, 30 Mar. 2024, https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/crop-management/milk-thistle.html. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[12] “Milk Thistle: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews.” WebMD, https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-138/milk-thistle. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[13] “Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum).” Tualatin Soil and Water Conservation District, https://tualatinswcd.org/species/milk-thistle/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024

Pros of Milk Thistle Extract (Silybum marianum)

Incorporating milk thistle into your health regimen can offer a multitude of benefits, including supporting liver health, providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and aiding in cholesterol management, underscoring its significance in maintaining overall well-being.

Liver Health

One of the most well-documented benefits of Milk Thistle is its hepatoprotective properties. Silymarin, the active ingredient in milk thistle, protects liver cells from damage due to toxins and oxidative stress. This is particularly beneficial for individuals with liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. In human studies, Milk Thistle has demonstrated efficacy in improving liver function tests and reducing liver enzyme levels, indicating reduced liver inflammation and damage [14].

Antioxidant Properties

Milk Thistle is also renowned for its potent antioxidant properties. Antioxidants are crucial in neutralizing harmful free radicals in the body, which can lead to cellular damage and various chronic diseases. The flavonolignans in Milk Thistle help enhance the body’s antioxidant capacity, contributing to overall health and the prevention of oxidative stress-related conditions. Human studies have highlighted the role of silymarin in increasing the levels of endogenous antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione, thereby bolstering the body’s defense system against oxidative damage [14].

Anti-inflammatory Effects

Chronic inflammation is a root cause of many non-communicable diseases. Milk Thistle’s anti-inflammatory effects are primarily attributed to silymarin’s ability to modulate inflammatory pathways in the body. It inhibits the activation of NF-κB, a key molecule involved in the inflammatory process. This modulation helps reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers, which is beneficial in managing conditions like arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Clinical trials have shown that silymarin can significantly reduce inflammatory markers in the body, providing symptomatic relief in inflammatory conditions [15].

Cholesterol Management

Managing cholesterol levels is crucial for cardiovascular health. Milk Thistle has been studied for its potential to improve lipid profiles by lowering the levels of harmful cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides. This effect is particularly beneficial for individuals at risk of cardiovascular diseases. Human clinical trials have demonstrated that silymarin can reduce total cholesterol and LDL levels, thereby aiding in the prevention of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular conditions [16].

Conclusion

Milk Thistle stands out as a potent natural supplement with multiple health benefits, particularly for liver health, antioxidant support, anti-inflammatory effects, and cholesterol management. Its use in nutraceuticals as a non pharmaceutical intervention offers a safe and effective way to support overall health and well-being, making it a valuable component of health supplements. As always, it is recommended to consult healthcare providers before starting any new supplement regimen, especially for those with pre-existing health conditions or those taking other medications.

Clinical References:

[14] Bhattacharya, Sanjib. “Phytotherapeutic Properties of Milk Thistle Seeds: An Overview.” Semantic Scholar, 2011, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d5676b0a5bb82a098e20bf06832a41c0d8b0b189. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[15] Lovelace, Erica S., et al. “Silymarin Suppresses Cellular Inflammation By Inducing Reparative Stress Signaling.” PubMed, 28 Aug. 2015, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26186142/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[16] “Evaluation of Lipid Lowering Effect of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum) in Comparison with Rosuvastatin in Rats by Using Ace-alera® Analyzer.” Semantic Scholar, 11 Feb. 2024, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4a70cf37f7b3a44136dcecbcf235bfd9cda6f945. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

Cons of Milk Thistle Extract (Silybum marianum)

Limited Human Studies and Inconsistent Results

One of the primary concerns with Milk Thistle is the limited number of human studies available. While there is a substantial body of preclinical research suggesting its benefits, human studies are less conclusive. For instance, a comprehensive narrative review highlighted the potential of silymarin, a key component of Milk Thistle, in treating liver damage caused by various factors. However, the review also pointed out that clinical trials have shown mixed results, with some studies reporting improvements in liver function and others showing no significant effect [17]. This inconsistency in human research findings makes it difficult to fully endorse Milk Thistle as an effective ingredient in health supplements.

Bioavailability Concerns

Another issue with Milk Thistle is its bioavailability, which refers to the extent and rate at which the active medicinal ingredient is absorbed and becomes available at the intended site of action. However, this does not necessarily translate to over-the-counter supplements, which may not have the same formulation standards. As a result, the actual amount of silymarin absorbed by the body from supplements may vary, potentially reducing their effectiveness.

Possible Adverse Effects

Although Milk Thistle is generally considered safe, there are potential adverse effects that users should be aware of. Some human studies have reported gastrointestinal issues, such as diarrhea, bloating, and upset stomach, as well as allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae/Compositae family of plants, to which Milk Thistle belongs [17]. While these side effects are typically mild, they can be concerning for individuals with pre-existing digestive issues or plant allergies.

Interaction with Medications

Milk Thistle can interact with certain medications, which is a significant consideration for individuals taking prescription drugs. For example, silymarin has been shown to affect the metabolism of drugs processed by certain liver enzymes, potentially altering their effectiveness [17]. This interaction could either increase the risk of side effects or reduce the therapeutic benefits of the medications being taken. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals on medication to consult with a healthcare provider before adding Milk Thistle to their supplement regimen.

Lack of Standardization

The nutraceutical industry often lacks the rigorous standardization seen in pharmaceuticals. This means that the concentration of active compounds in Milk Thistle supplements can vary widely between products [18]. Without standardization, consumers cannot be certain of the dose they are receiving, which can lead to under-dosing, over-dosing, or inconsistent results. This variability can undermine the potential benefits of Milk Thistle and may contribute to the mixed outcomes observed in human studies.

Clinical References:

[17] Jaffar, Hafiza Madiha, et al. “Silymarin: Unveiling its Pharmacological Spectrum and Therapeutic Potential in Liver Diseases—A Comprehensive Narrative Review.” Food Science & Nutrition, 2024, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6d39998e7fd9c1edfc7d0226d7e54fd94300a1be. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[18] Guerrini, Alessandro, and Doriana Eurosia Angela Tedesco. “Restoring Activity of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative Status, Immunity, and Performance in Poultry and Other Animal Species, Poisoned by Mycotoxins: A Review.” Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, vol. 13, no. 3, 17 Jan. 2023, p. 330, doi:10.3390/ani13030330. PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9913068/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

Recent Development of Milk Thistle Extract (Silybum marianum)

Liver Health and Hepatoprotective Effects

Milk thistle extract, derived from the seeds of the Silybum marianum plant, has been traditionally used for its hepatoprotective properties. The active constituents of milk thistle, particularly silymarin and its major component silybin, have been the subject of numerous human studies investigating their efficacy in treating liver-related conditions. 

A review of various pharmacological actions of milk thistle highlighted its use in the treatment of liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. While the evidence from human studies on the management of alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis is mixed, the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of milk thistle are well-documented [22]. 

Moreover, a study on the effects of milk thistle extract on serum biochemical parameters, oxidative status, immunity, and performance in humans poisoned by mycotoxins demonstrated the plant’s ability to restore liver functionality and reduce organ lesions caused by intoxication [21]. This suggests that milk thistle extract could be beneficial as a nonpharmaceutical intervention for liver health, particularly in cases of exposure to liver-damaging substances.

Antioxidant Properties

Contrary to the traditional belief that flavonolignans in milk thistle act as antioxidants in vivo, recent research indicates that these compounds do not function as direct antioxidants but rather as specific ligands to biological targets [19]. This nuanced understanding of milk thistle’s mechanism of action underscores the importance of its bioactive compounds in modulating oxidative stress indirectly through interactions with cellular pathways.

Nevertheless, milk thistle has been associated with antioxidant effects in human studies. For instance, the restoration of serum biochemical parameters and oxidative status in humans exposed to mycotoxins has been attributed to the antioxidant properties of milk thistle [21]. These findings support the inclusion of milk thistle in health supplements aimed at enhancing the body’s antioxidant defences.

Anti-inflammatory Effects

The anti-inflammatory properties of milk thistle are another area of interest, with studies suggesting that the extract can modulate inflammatory responses in the body. While direct human studies focusing solely on the anti-inflammatory effects of milk thistle are limited, the overall immunomodulatory and lipid-regulating effects of milk thistle seed extract have been noted [20]. These properties contribute to the extract’s potential role in reducing inflammation, which is a key factor in the development of various chronic diseases.

Cancer Prevention

Milk thistle has also been investigated for its potential role in cancer prevention. A review of therapeutic potentials and related patents revealed that silymarin, the flavonolignan extract of milk thistle, exhibits chemopreventive effects against various types of cancer [23]. The extract has been shown to modulate cell death pathways and synergize with agonists of death domain receptors, suggesting a potential role in oncology, particularly in mitigating the side effects of anticancer chemotherapeutics.

While the evidence for milk thistle’s cancer-preventive properties is promising, it is important to note that most of the studies have been preclinical or observational. More rigorous human clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy of milk thistle as a cancer-preventive agent in specific populations.

Clinical References:

[19] Křen, Vladimír, and Kateřina Valentová. “Silybin and Its Congeners: From Traditional Medicine to Molecular Effects.” Natural Product Reports, vol. 39, no. 6, 22 Jun. 2022, pp. 1264-1281, doi:10.1039/d2np00013j. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35510639/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[20] Bhattacharya, Sanjib. “Phytotherapeutic Properties of Milk Thistle Seeds: An Overview.” Semantic Scholar, 2011, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d5676b0a5bb82a098e20bf06832a41c0d8b0b189. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[21] Guerrini, Alessandro, and Doriana Eurosia Angela Tedesco. “Restoring Activity of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative Status, Immunity, and Performance in Poultry and Other Animal Species, Poisoned by Mycotoxins: A Review.” Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, vol. 13, no. 3, 17 Jan. 2023, p. 330, doi:10.3390/ani13030330. PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9913068/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[22] Saranya, Vidyasagar, et al. “A Review on Various Pharmacological Actions of Silybum Marianum (Milk Thistle).” Semantic Scholar, 26 Jan. 2024, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e90288df061f74102d8a0cc00c6e676779d4cc82. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024

[23] Emadi, Seyyed Amir, et al. “A Review of Therapeutic Potentials of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) and Its Main Constituent, Silymarin, on Cancer, and Their Related Patents.” Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, vol. 25, no. 10, 2022, pp. 1166-1176, doi:10.22038/IJBMS.2022.63200.13961. PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9588316/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

What Are The Polyphenols Supplement Alternatives to Milk Thistle Extract (Silybum marianum) in the Market Now?

There are several polyphenol supplement alternatives to Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) available in the market. These alternatives include supplements derived from various medicinal plants, fruits, and other botanical sources that are rich in different types of polyphenols such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and resveratrol. Here are some of the alternatives identified:

1. Bulgarian Medicinal Plants and Food Supplements: These include Mentha piperita (peppermint) and Melissa officinalis (lemon balm), which have been analyzed and found to have high polyphenols content. Rutin, a type of flavonoid, was detected in all samples, with Mentha piperita showing the highest levels [24].
2. Dietary Supplements Containing Vitis vinifera (Grape Vine): These supplements have been studied for their content of phenolic acids, such as cinnamic acid and benzoic acid derivatives, which are present in higher amounts than the total polyphenols content measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method [25].
3. Lamiaceae Family Plants: Various species from the Lamiaceae family, such as Sage, Wild Thyme, Thyme, Oregano, Rosemary, Java tea, Peppermint, Lavender, Anise hyssop, Melissa, Hyssop, White horehound, and Motherwort, are present in the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market as herbal raw materials and dietary supplements. These have been investigated for their flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids content [26].
4. Artichoke-Based Dietary Supplements and Pharmaceuticals: These products have been investigated for their phenolic profile, including hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids, with chlorogenic acid being the major constituent [27].
5. Ginkgo biloba Food Supplements: These supplements are used for cognitive improvement and peripheral circulation disorders. They contain flavonoids and terpene lactones, which are quantified using HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS methods [28].
6. Apple Phenolics: Apple-derived supplements are considered nutraceuticals and have been assessed for their phenolic content and potential health applications [29].
7. Dietary Supplements with Resveratrol, Flavonoids, and Phenolic Acids: These supplements have been profiled using HPLC for their content of resveratrol and other polyphenols, as well as their antioxidant capacity [31].
8. Lingonberry Dietary Supplements: Supplements containing lingonberry have been studied for their qualitative composition and quantitative content of phenolic compounds, including hydroquinone derivatives, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids [33].
9. Blackcurrant Extract Supplements: These supplements are rich in anthocyanins and have been studied for the plasma uptake of phenolic acids following supplementation [34].
10. Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction: This dietary supplement is derived from bergamot juice and is rich in flavanones and flavones, with a polyphenol profile similar to the juice but at a much higher concentration [35].
11. Blueberry: The phenolic acids of the two major blueberry species in the US market have been studied for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [32].

These alternatives offer a variety of polyphenolic compounds with potential health benefits, and they are available in different forms such as dietary supplements, herbal raw materials, and pharmaceuticals. Each of these products may contain different concentrations and combinations of polyphenols, and their quality and efficacy can vary. It is important for consumers to consider the source, manufacturing practices, and scientific evidence supporting the health claims of these supplements.

Clinical References:

[24] Koleva, Petya, et al. “Polyphenols Content of Selected Medical Plants and Food Supplements Present at Bulgarian Market.” Semantic Scholar, 20 Oct. 2021, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bbfa86fe9578cb5952d19db945db1e899802b615. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[25] Filipiak-Szok, Anna, et al. “Determination of Phenolic Acids in Dietary Supplements Containing Vitis Vinifera (Grape Vine) by HPLC-PDA Method.” Acta Alimentaria, vol. 42, 2013, pp. 400-409. Semantic Scholar, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2517d55b59ca6f34608040a9b82e8f233a3d7fe0. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[26] Khokhlova, Kateryna, et al. “Comparison of Chromatographic Profiles of Flavonoids and Hydroxycinnamic Acids of Some Species from Lamiaceae Genus from Ukrainian Pharmaceutical Market.” Farmatsevtychnyi Zhurnal, 2020. Semantic Scholar, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2cf2705ae008d209800d29a9b3bbf4c61f747ef5. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024

[27] Schütz, Katrin, et al. “Quantitative Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Artichoke-Based Dietary Supplements and Pharmaceuticals by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 54, no. 23, 2006, pp. 8812-8817, doi:10.1021/jf062009b. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090127/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[28] Czigle, Szilvia, et al. “Ginkgo Biloba Food Supplements on the European Market – Adulteration Patterns Revealed by Quality Control of Selected Samples.” Planta Medica, vol. 84, no. 6-07, 2018, pp. 475-482, doi:10.1055/a-0581-5203. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29506293/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[29] Rana, Shalika, and Shashi Bhushan. “Apple Phenolics as Nutraceuticals: Assessment, Analysis and Application.” Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 53, no. 4, 2016, pp. 1727-1738, doi:10.1007/s13197-015-2093-8. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27413201/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[31] Ardelean, Florina, et al. “Dietary Supplements with Resveratrol, Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids: In-depth HPLC Profiling and Antioxidant Capacity as Quality Markers.” Revista De Chimie, vol. 68, 2017, pp. 401-407. Semantic Scholar, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/61545276b752551ac618d51753ebe8d0895288aa. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[32] Kang, Jie, et al. “Phenolic Acids of the Two Major Blueberry Species in the US Market and Their Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities.” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands), vol. 70, no. 1, 2015, pp. 56-62, doi:10.1007/s11130-014-0461-6. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25535004/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[33] Maslov, Oleksandr Yu., et al. “The Study of the Qualitative Composition and the Quantitative Content of Phenolic Compounds in Dietary Supplements with Lingonberry.” Journal of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2021. Semantic Scholar, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/034979d8ee02ad8fabb5e49b095feb696ac92151. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[34] Costello, Rianne, et al. “Plasma Uptake of Selected Phenolic Acids Following New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract Supplementation in Humans.” Journal of Dietary Supplements, vol. 19, no. 5, 2022, pp. 672-688, doi:10.1080/19390211.2021.1914802. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33949254/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

[35] Barylski, Marcin. “Standardized Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction – A Comprehensive Dietary Supplement with Pleiotropic Properties Compared to Other Selected Natural Lipid-Lowering Substances Available on the Market.” Semantic Scholar, 31 Mar. 2021, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2ef82ff490eb6ce80170ca09bafb9b2a06f52e5e. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which supplement is best for the liver? How does milk thistle (Silybum marianum) compare to them?

Silybum marianum, commonly known as milk thistle, emerges as a highly beneficial supplement for liver health. The studies and reviews cited offer substantial evidence of its positive effects on liver enzymes, its protective and regenerative properties, and its potential in treating liver-related conditions.

Silybum Marianum’s Benefits for the Liver

1. Protective and Regenerative Properties: Silybum marianum contains silymarin, a group of compounds known to have hepatoprotective effects. These compounds are demonstrated to protect liver cells from damage and promote liver regeneration[1][5][6]. Silymarin’s antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties are particularly noted for their beneficial impact on liver health[8].
2. Reduction in Liver Enzyme Levels: Several studies have shown that supplementation with Silybum marianum leads to a reduction in liver enzyme levels, which are indicators of liver damage. For instance, a systematic review found that 65.5% of the included studies reported reduced liver enzyme levels following silymarin supplementation[8]. Another study specifically noted significant decreases in AST and ALT levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients after six months of therapy with Silybum marianum[5].
3. Comparison with Other Supplements: While the search results primarily focus on Silybum marianum, they also mention other supplements like garlic and yeast β-glucan in the context of health benefits, including liver health. For example, garlic supplements were shown to reduce serum levels of liver enzymes in wrestlers, indicating a protective effect against muscle and liver damage[1]. However, the direct comparison in these studies leans towards highlighting the effectiveness of Silybum marianum in liver protection and regeneration, rather than positioning it against other supplements in a competitive manner.
4. Concerns and Considerations: Despite its benefits, there are concerns regarding the presence of mycotoxins in milk thistle supplements, which can potentially reduce or negate the beneficial effects of silymarin. This underscores the importance of strict monitoring and regulation of milk thistle-based dietary supplements[6].

Conclusion

Silybum marianum stands out as a potent liver-protective supplement, with a wealth of scientific evidence supporting its use in reducing liver enzyme levels, protecting liver cells, and aiding in the regeneration of liver tissue. While other supplements like garlic and yeast β-glucan also show health benefits, the specific focus on liver health and the breadth of evidence make Silybum marianum particularly noteworthy. However, the potential for contamination with mycotoxins highlights the need for careful selection and regulation of milk thistle supplements[1][5][6][8].

References:

• [1] شریفیان, مهدی, et al. “Effects of Allium Sativum and Silybum Marianum Supplements with Four Weeks Incremental Training on Some Serum Indicators of Serum Muscle and Liver Damage in Wrestlers.” Alborz University Medical Journal (2020): n. pag. Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d37d237a1bd781b5edac19be075437ab704232c3. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [5] Qurban, Aqsa, et al. “Determine the Curing Effects of Silybum Marianum (Milk Thistle) Administered Orally to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Patients for Six Months.” Pakistan BioMedical Journal (2023): n. pag. Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/805ac2a8d8803a736b61dc51e9e16018ecc6adfd. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [6] Pickova, Darina, et al. “Presence of Mycotoxins in Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum) Food Supplements: A Review.” Toxins (Basel), vol. 12, no. 12, 2020, Article 782, doi:10.3390/toxins12120782. PubMed Central (PMC), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7763672/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [8] “Impact of Silymarin Supplements on Liver Enzyme Levels: A Systematic Review.” Cureus, vol. 15, no. 10, Oct. 2023, Article e47608, doi:10.7759/cureus.47608. PubMed Central (PMC), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10667129/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.

Is milk thistle good for females?

Milk thistle, scientifically known as Silybum marianum, has been studied for various health benefits, including its effects on female health. The research available provides insights into both the potential benefits and considerations for females considering milk thistle supplementation.

Potential Benefits for Females

1. Menopausal Symptom Relief: A study on the Phyto-Female Complex, which includes milk thistle among other ingredients, showed significant relief from menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats, and quality of sleep in pre and postmenopausal women[2]. This suggests that milk thistle, as part of a herbal formula, may contribute to alleviating menopausal discomforts.
2. Liver Health: Milk thistle is renowned for its protective properties for the liver. Studies have shown that silymarin, the active component of milk thistle, can benefit liver function in people with liver diseases, including those caused by viruses like hepatitis C[1][3]. While these studies are not female-specific, the liver health benefits of milk thistle can be extrapolated to females, especially considering the prevalence of liver diseases.
3. Hormonal Balance and Fertility Effects: Research on silymarin has indicated that it exhibits phytoestrogenic activities, which means it can mimic estrogen, potentially influencing hormonal balance[4]. This property might be beneficial in managing conditions related to hormonal imbalances.

Considerations and Cautions

• Phytoestrogenic Activity: The estrogen-like effects of milk thistle could be a double-edged sword. For women with hormone-sensitive conditions such as breast, uterine, or ovarian cancers, the phytoestrogenic activity might pose risks[4]. It’s crucial for women with these conditions to consult healthcare providers before using milk thistle.
• Pregnancy and Fertility: The antifertility property observed in animal studies raises questions about the use of milk thistle in women trying to conceive[4]. More research is needed to understand its implications on human fertility fully.
• Lack of Comprehensive Human Studies: While the benefits of milk thistle on liver health are well-documented, many of the studies on its effects on female-specific health issues are limited or not directly focused on women. More targeted research is necessary to draw definitive conclusions.

In summary, milk thistle may offer several health benefits for females, particularly in liver health and potentially in relieving menopausal symptoms. However, its phytoestrogenic activity and the observed antifertility effects in animal studies suggest that women should use milk thistle with caution, especially those with hormone-sensitive conditions or those trying to conceive.

As with any supplement, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before starting milk thistle, particularly for women with specific health concerns or conditions[1][2][3][4][5].

References:

• [1] White, Colin P., Gerilynn Hirsch, Sunil Patel, Fatin Adams, and Kevork M Peltekian. “Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by Patients Chronically Infected with Hepatitis C Virus.” Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 21, no. 9, Sept. 2007, pp. 589-595, doi:10.1155/2007/231636. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17853954/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [2] Rotem, Carmela, and Boris Kaplan. “Phyto-Female Complex for the Relief of Hot Flushes, Night Sweats and Quality of Sleep: Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Study.” Gynecological Endocrinology, vol. 23, no. 2, Feb. 2007, pp. 117-122, doi:10.1080/09513590701200900. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17454163/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [3] “Effects of Silybum Marianum on Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C.” Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, vol. 16, no. 3, Mar. 2011, pp. 287-290. PubMed Central (PMC), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3214335/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [4] Khalil, Enas A. M. “Hormonal Profile And Histopathological Study On The Influence Of Silymarin On Both Female And Male Albino Rats.” The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, vol. 13, 2003, pp. 112-122. Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c5b401e3aa57fa393424395d86e4ebd03584edec. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.

How do you detox your liver? Is milk thistle (Silybum marianum) a good way to detox your liver?

Detoxifying the liver is a concept that has gained popularity, especially within alternative medicine circles. The liver is a vital organ responsible for filtering toxins from the blood, aiding in digestion, and performing numerous other essential metabolic functions. While the body has its own mechanisms for detoxification, certain practices and supplements are believed to enhance the liver’s ability to cleanse itself.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is one of the most well-researched and commonly used supplements for liver health. It contains a group of plant compounds collectively known as silymarin, with silybin being the most active component. Silymarin is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties, which contribute to its hepatoprotective effects[14]. 

Several studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of milk thistle on liver health:

1. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects: Milk thistle’s antioxidant properties help protect the liver from toxins and promote liver cell regeneration. It has been shown to protect against various liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and liver damage caused by toxins or drug overdose[14].
2. Improvement in Liver Function Tests: Clinical studies have demonstrated that milk thistle can significantly reduce liver enzyme levels (ALT and AST), which are indicators of liver damage. For instance, a study on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients showed that after six months of milk thistle treatment, there was a significant reduction in AST and ALT levels, indicating an improvement in liver health[13].
3. Protection & Support Against Mycotoxin-Contaminated Diets: Milk thistle has demonstrated effectiveness in protecting poultry and other animals from the adverse effects of mycotoxins, underscoring its potential in safeguarding liver function by mitigating toxin-induced damage. Furthermore, studies on ducks fed diets contaminated with mycotoxins have shown that supplementation with milk thistle helps prevent histopathological changes induced by these toxins, reinforcing its role in promoting liver health. This collective evidence highlights milk thistle’s protective capabilities against mycotoxin-related damage in animal models[6][4].

Despite these promising findings, it’s important to note that while milk thistle can support liver health, the concept of “detoxing” the liver goes beyond just taking a supplement. A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding excessive alcohol and exposure to harmful substances, is crucial for maintaining liver health. Moreover, while milk thistle is generally considered safe, it’s always advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement, especially for individuals with existing liver conditions or those taking other medications[14].

In summary, milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a well-supported supplement for liver health, with evidence pointing to its beneficial effects in protecting the liver from damage, supporting liver function, and potentially aiding in the liver’s natural detoxification processes. However, it should be part of a broader approach to liver health that includes healthy lifestyle choices.

References:

• [4] “Effects of Dietary Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum) Supplementation in Ducks Fed Mycotoxin-Contaminated Diets.” Veterinary Sciences, 2022, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9967284/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024. 
• [6] Guerrini, Alessandro, and Doriana Eurosia Angela Tedesco. “Restoring Activity of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative Status, Immunity, and Performance in Poultry and Other Animal Species, Poisoned by Mycotoxins: A Review.” Animals (Basel), 2023, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9913068/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [13] Qurban, Aqsa, et al. “Determine the Curing Effects of Silybum Marianum (Milk Thistle) Administered Orally to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Patients for Six Months.” Pakistan BioMedical Journal (2023): n. pag. Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/805ac2a8d8803a736b61dc51e9e16018ecc6adfd. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [14] Abenavoli, Ludovico, et al. “Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum): A Concise Overview on Its Chemistry, Pharmacological, and Nutraceutical Uses in Liver Diseases.” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 32, no. 11, Nov. 2018, pp. 2202-2213, doi:10.1002/ptr.6171. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30080294/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.

How does milk thistle (Silybum marianum) help alcoholic fatty liver disease patients?

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) has been used for centuries to treat various liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The primary active component of milk thistle is silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans, with silybin being the most prominent among them. The therapeutic effects of milk thistle on alcoholic fatty liver disease patients can be attributed to several mechanisms:

1. Antioxidant Properties: Silymarin acts as a potent antioxidant. It helps in reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, which are involved in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, including ALD. By mitigating oxidative stress, milk thistle can help protect liver cells from damage[3][6][12].

2. Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulating Effects: Milk thistle demonstrates anti-inflammatory and T cell-modulating effects. These properties can help reduce inflammation in the liver, which is a key factor in the progression of alcoholic liver disease[3].

3. Hepatoprotective Effects: Silymarin has hepatoprotective properties, meaning it helps protect liver cells from the toxic effects of alcohol consumption and other harmful substances. This protection can prevent further liver damage in patients with ALD[3][6].

4. Antifibrotic Actions: Milk thistle has been shown to have antifibrotic effects, which means it can help prevent the accumulation of scar tissue (fibrosis) in the liver. This is particularly important in the management of ALD, as fibrosis can lead to cirrhosis, a severe and irreversible condition[6][12].

5. Liver Regeneration: There is evidence to suggest that milk thistle can promote liver regeneration. This is crucial for patients with ALD, as it can help restore liver function and improve the overall health of the liver[3].

Despite these promising mechanisms, it’s important to note that clinical studies on the use of milk thistle for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease have varied greatly in quality. Many studies have been limited by factors such as inadequate sample size, lack of standardization of preparations studied, and variability in dosing regimens. 

As a result, while milk thistle and its derivatives appear to be safe and have a theoretical basis for use in ALD, there is currently insufficient data from well-conducted clinical trials to recommend their use definitively in patients with this condition[9][10]. Further research, particularly well-designed randomized clinical trials, is needed to fully substantiate the therapeutic potential of milk thistle in the treatment of alcoholic fatty liver disease.

References:

• [3] Post-White, Janice, Elena J. Ladas, and Kara M. Kelly. “Advances in the Use of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum).” Integrative Cancer Therapies, vol. 6, no. 2, June 2007, pp. 104-109, doi:10.1177/1534735407301632. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17548789/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [6] Abenavoli, Ludovico, et al. “Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum): A Concise Overview on Its Chemistry, Pharmacological, and Nutraceutical Uses in Liver Diseases.” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 32, no. 11, Nov. 2018, pp. 2202-2213, doi:10.1002/ptr.6171. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30080294/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [9] Ball, Karen R., and Kris V. Kowdley. “A Review of Silybum Marianum (Milk Thistle) as a Treatment for Alcoholic Liver Disease.” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 39, no. 6, July 2005, pp. 520-528, doi:10.1097/01.mcg.0000165668.79530.a0. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15942440/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [10] Boerth, Joel, and Kathryn M. Strong. “The Clinical Utility of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum) in Cirrhosis of the Liver.” Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, vol. 2, no. 2, 2002, pp. 11-17. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15277093/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
• [12] Abenavoli, Ludovico. “Role of Silymarin to Treat Fibrosis Development in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.” Hepatology Research, vol. 41, no. 7, July 2011, pp. 668, doi:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2011.00823.x. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21696523/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.

This article was medically reviewed by:

Lian Hooi San – Product Manager

Ms. Lian Hooi San graduated with a bachelor’s degree in food science and nutrition from Universiti Malaysia Sabah, followed by a Master’s degree in Clinical Nutrition from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. She oversees product management, development, and regulatory affairs. Additionally, Ms. Lian holds the role of internal GMP auditor at Thomson Health.

She has previously worked in the healthcare division of the marketing department of an MLM company, focusing on product management and development. She also gained experience in quality control and quality assurance within the food ingredient sector while working in the quality control department of a seasonings manufacturing company. Ms. Lian actively participates in product training, roadshows, public health talks, and guest appearances on TV shows.

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