Practical Significance of Kanna Aerial Extract (Sceletium tortuosum) in Nutraceutical Supplements
Kanna Aerial Extract, specifically the Zembrin® brand, has garnered attention in the health and wellness community as a promising natural remedy nonpharmaceutical intervention (NPI) for enhancing mental well-being. This section of the supplement guide explores the practical significance of Zembrin® in dietary supplements, focusing on its benefits as evidenced by human clinical studies.The study titled “Effects of Zembrin® (Sceletium tortuosum) Supplementation on Mood, Soreness, and Performance Following Unaccustomed Resistance Exercise: A Pilot Study” et al provides a notable foundation for the use of Zembrin in enhancing mental well-being [1].
Overview of Zembrin®
Zembrin® is a patented standardized extract derived from the plant Sceletium tortuosum (S. tortuosum), commonly known as Kanna, emphasizing its botanical study and classification. This extract is developed and marketed by HG&H Pharmaceuticals and has been the subject of various clinical studies due to its potential mental health benefits. Zembrin® is unique because it is derived from carefully selected plant material that maintains a consistent profile of active alkaloids, crucial for its psychoactive properties [3].
Efficacy in Enhancing Cognitive Function and Mood
One of the primary benefits of Zembrin® is its impact on cognitive function and mood enhancement, making it particularly beneficial for the enhancement of cognitive health and mood. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving healthy adults demonstrated that Zembrin® significantly improved cognitive set flexibility and executive function [2]. Participants in this study received a daily dose of 25 mg of Zembrin®. These findings suggest that Zembrin® can be beneficial for individuals looking to enhance their mental clarity and cognitive agility, which are essential for everyday decision-making and problem-solving.
Anxiety Reduction and Emotional Wellness
Zembrin® has also been studied for its anxiety-reducing properties. In a clinical setting, a single 25 mg dose of Zembrin® was shown to reduce anxiety-related activity in the amygdala, a region of the brain involved in emotional processes. This study utilized pharmaco-fMRI to observe the effects on brain function, indicating that Zembrin® could help manage symptoms of anxiety in healthy individuals [4]. This property makes Zembrin® a valuable component of dietary supplements aimed at supporting emotional balance and stress management.
Safety and Tolerability
Human clinical trials have also shed light on the safety profile of Zembrin®. It has been well-tolerated by participants with no significant adverse effects reported at commonly used dosages. This aspect is crucial for general readers concerned about the safety of dietary supplements. The trials underscore Zembrin® as a safe option for long-term use in the context of natural remedy for mental health [2][3].
Conclusion
Zembrin® Kanna Aerial Extract offers a promising alternative for individuals exploring natural remedy options to enhance cognitive function, manage anxiety, and improve overall emotional well-being. Its well-documented safety profile further supports its inclusion in daily health regimens aimed at maintaining or improving mental health. For consumers interested in natural health products, Zembrin® represents a scientifically backed ingredient that aligns with the goals of enhancing mental wellness without the use of traditional pharmaceuticals.
References:
[1] Berry, Angela C., et al. “Effects of Zembrin® (Sceletium tortuosum) Supplementation on Mood, Soreness, and Performance Following Unaccustomed Resistance Exercise: A Pilot Study.” Nutraceuticals, 2021. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c55af9b7f23c9fae78a7c1ba2c823581b6072389. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[2] “KannaEase™ – Afrigetics Botanicals.” Afrigetics Botanicals. https://afrigetics.com/kannaease-sceletium/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[3] “Zembrin – The World’s Leading Researched and Clinically Studied Extract of Sceletium.” Zembrin. https://www.zembrin.com/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[4] Terburg, David, et al. “Acute Effects of Sceletium Tortuosum (Zembrin), a Dual 5-HT Reuptake and PDE4 Inhibitor, in the Human Amygdala and Its Connection to the Hypothalamus.” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 38, no. 13, Dec. 2013, pp. 2708-2716. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.183. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828542/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
Origin of Kanna Aerial Extract (Sceletium tortuosum)
Kanna, scientifically known as Sceletium tortuosum, is a succulent plant indigenous to South Africa, where it has a long history of use by the native San and Khoikhoi tribes. The plant is part of the Mesembryanthemaceae family and is commonly referred to by several names including kanna, channa, and kougoed, which translates to “something to chew.”
As an important South African medicinal plant, S. tortuosum has garnered many research advances on its phytochemistry and biological activities over the last decade. These scientific studies have shown that S. tortuosum has various bioactivities. The findings have further established the link between the phytochemistry and pharmacological application, and support the traditional use of S. tortuosum in the indigenous medicine of South Africa.
[S. tortuosum has garnered many research advances on its phytochemistry and biological activities over the last decade. (Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874121007054)]
Historical Use
The use of Sceletium tortuosum dates back centuries and is well-documented in historical accounts. Simon van der Stel, the last commander and first Governor of the Dutch Cape Colony, noted in 1685 during his journey to Coperbergh in the Northern Cape, South Africa, that the native people consumed kanna. They processed the plant by bruising the roots and stems between stones, then storing it in sewn-up sheepskins [5]. This traditional method highlights the cultural significance and the meticulous care in preparing the plant for consumption.
Ethnobotanical Significance
Further historical records by Carl Peter Thunberg, a Swiss botanist and student of Linnaeus, during his travels to the Eastern Cape between 1772 and 1774, also emphasize the value of Sceletium tortuosum as a sedative plant used by local communities [5]. The plant was traditionally used in various forms including tinctures, snuffed, smoked, or as teas, indicating its versatility and integral role in traditional medicine practices [5].
Modern Attraction and Global Use
Today, Sceletium tortuosum has gained significant global attention due to its psychoactive properties that are believed to elevate mood, reduce stress and anxiety, and promote a sense of well-being. This has led to its inclusion in various health supplements and nutraceutical products, especially in forms like the Zembrin® extract, which is a standardized and clinically studied form of the plant [6].
Conclusion
The origin of Kanna Aerial Extract from Sceletium tortuosum is deeply rooted in the rich ethnobotanical history of South Africa. Its traditional use by indigenous tribes, documented historical accounts, and modern applications all contribute to its significance as a valuable natural resource for enhancing mental and emotional health. This historical and cultural backdrop not only enriches the understanding of the plant’s uses but also underscores its potential as a sustainable and beneficial ingredient in health supplements.
References:
[5] Reddy, Kaylan et al. “Skeletons in the Closet? Using a Bibliometric Lens to Visualise Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities Linked to Sceletium, a Mood Enhancer.” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 15, 21 Mar. 2024, Art. no. 1268101. doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1268101. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10991851/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[6] Manganyi, Madira Coutlyne, et al. “A Chewable Cure ‘Kanna’: Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Sceletium tortuosum.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 26, no. 9, 28 Apr. 2021, Art. no. 2557. doi:10.3390/molecules26092557. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8124331/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
Pros of Kanna Aerial Extract
Kanna Aerial Extract, derived from the Sceletium tortuosum plant, is increasingly recognized for its potential benefits in prevention strategies aimed at improving mental health and cognitive function. A notable study, “Formulation of a Medicated Chewing Gum Containing Sceletium tortuosum” highlights the advantages of incorporating Kanna Aerial Extract into health dietary nutraceutical supplements. This section of the supplement guide focuses on these benefits.
Alleviating Anxiety and Depression
One of the primary benefits of Kanna Aerial Extract is its effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression. Human studies have shown that the active alkaloids in Sceletium tortuosum, such as mesembrine and mesembrenone, play a crucial role in enhancing mood and reducing anxiety. A study highlighted the formulation of a medicated chewing gum containing Sceletium tortuosum, which was specifically designed to alleviate depression and anxiety through the masticatory delivery of its active compounds [7]. This innovative approach underscores the plant’s potential in fast and effective relief from mental health disorders.
Enhancing Cognitive Function
In addition to its mental health benefits, Kanna Aerial Extract has been associated with improvements in cognitive function. The dual inhibition properties of the extract, particularly as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, suggest its utility in enhancing cognitive processes. This is particularly relevant in the context of the human amygdala and its connections to the hypothalamus, indicating potential improvements in emotional processing and stress regulation [9].
Stress Reduction
Kanna Aerial Extract is also noted for its calming effects, which contribute to stress reduction. Historical and contemporary uses of the plant include its application by indigenous South African tribes for its soothing properties during stressful situations [8]. The extract’s ability to promote a sense of well-being and relaxation is a key factor in its inclusion in dietary supplements aimed at stress management.
Pain and Fatigue Relief
Kanna Aerial Extract has been reported to have analgesic properties, which can help in alleviating pain. The plant’s compounds, such as mesembrine, are thought to interact with the brain’s receptors that influence pain perception. Additionally, its potential anti-inflammatory effects can further aid in reducing pain associated with inflammation[10][11].
Improvement in Sleep Quality
The calming effects of Kanna Aerial Extract can contribute to improved sleep quality. Its ability to reduce anxiety and stress can help in managing sleep disorders such as insomnia. By promoting relaxation, the extract may help in achieving a more restful and deeper sleep[10]11].
Libido Enhancement
There is some evidence suggesting that Kanna Aerial Extract may have aphrodisiac properties, potentially enhancing libido. This could be linked to its mood-enhancing and anxiety-reducing effects, which can improve overall sexual health and performance[10][11].
Conclusion
Kanna Aerial Extract, derived from the Sceletium tortuosum plant, offers significant benefits for mental health, cognitive function, and stress management. It effectively alleviates anxiety and depression, enhances cognitive processes, reduces stress, and provides pain and fatigue relief. Additionally, its calming effects improve sleep quality, and it may also enhance libido. With its diverse benefits, Kanna Aerial Extract presents a valuable, natural alternative for holistic health improvement and preventive health strategies, making it a noteworthy component of health-focused supplements.
Clinical References:
[7] Viljoen, Joe M., Sonja van der Walt, and Josias H. Hamman. “Formulation of Medicated Chewing Gum Containing Sceletium tortuosum and Process Optimization Utilizing the SeDeM Diagram Expert System.” AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. 22, no. 3, Mar. 2021, Art. no. 102. doi:10.1208/s12249-021-01961-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33712901/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[8] Manganyi, Madira Coutlyne, et al. “A Chewable Cure ‘Kanna’: Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Sceletium tortuosum.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 26, no. 9, 28 Apr. 2021, Art. no. 2557. doi:10.3390/molecules26092557. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8124331/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[9] Terburg, David, et al. “Acute Effects of Sceletium Tortuosum (Zembrin), a Dual 5-HT Reuptake and PDE4 Inhibitor, in the Human Amygdala and Its Connection to the Hypothalamus.” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 38, no. 13, Dec. 2013, pp. 2708-2716. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.183. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828542/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[10] Viljoen, Joe M et al. “Formulation of Medicated Chewing Gum Containing Sceletium tortuosum and Process Optimization Utilizing the SeDeM Diagram Expert System.” AAPS PharmSciTech vol. 22,3 102. 12 Mar. 2021, doi:10.1208/s12249-021-01961-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33712901/
[11] Manganyi, Madira Coutlyne et al. “A Chewable Cure “Kanna”: Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Sceletium tortuosum.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 26,9 2557. 28 Apr. 2021, doi:10.3390/molecules26092557. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8124331/
Cons of Kanna Aerial Extract (Sceletium tortuosum)
Kanna aerial extract, derived from the Sceletium tortuosum plant, is increasingly popular in health supplements aimed at reducing anxiety, stress, and improving mood. However, there are several considerations and potential drawbacks to be aware of when using this ingredient in nutraceuticals for prevention strategies.
Limited Research Base
One of the primary concerns with Kanna aerial extract is the relatively limited scope of human clinical studies. While some research indicates potential benefits, the body of evidence is not as robust or extensive as that for more commonly used therapeutic agents. This makes it difficult to fully assess the efficacy and safety profile of Kanna, especially over long-term use [10][11][12][15].
Potential Side Effects
Although generally considered safe, Kanna aerial extract can cause side effects in some individuals. Reported side effects in human studies include headaches, loss of appetite, and slight dizziness [11][12]. These effects are typically mild but can be concerning for users looking for a completely benign supplement option.
Inconsistency in Effects
The psychoactive effects of Kanna can vary significantly between individuals due to differences in body chemistry and the presence of various alkaloids in the plant [11][13]. This inconsistency can make it difficult for users to predict how they will react to the supplement, potentially leading to unexpected or unwanted psychological effects.
Regulatory and Quality Control Issues
The market for Kanna supplements is not uniformly regulated, leading to potential issues with product quality and consistency. Different extracts can contain varying levels of active compounds, which may affect both the potency and safety of the product [11][14]. Consumers may find it challenging to find reliable products that consistently deliver the expected amount of active ingredients.
Drug Interactions
Kanna aerial extract acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI), which means it could potentially interact with other medications, particularly those that affect the serotonin system such as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) or MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) [11][16]. These interactions could lead to serious side effects, including serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition.
Conclusion
While Kanna aerial extract offers potential benefits as a natural for stress and anxiety, it is important for consumers to be aware of the limited research, potential side effects, variability in effects, regulatory issues, and possible drug interactions. Individuals interested in using Kanna should consult healthcare providers, particularly if they are taking other medications or have underlying health conditions. This careful approach will help mitigate risks and ensure safer use of Kanna in their wellness regimen.
Clinical References:
[10] Manganyi, Madira Coutlyne, et al. “A Chewable Cure ‘Kanna’: Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Sceletium tortuosum.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 26, no. 9, 28 Apr. 2021, Art. no. 2557. doi:10.3390/molecules26092557. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8124331/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[11] Brendler, Thomas, et al. “Sceletium for Managing Anxiety, Depression and Cognitive Impairment: A Traditional Herbal Medicine in Modern-Day Regulatory Systems.” Current Neuropharmacology, vol. 19, no. 9, 2021, pp. 1384-1400. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8762184/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[12] “Psychological Effects of 8 Weeks Supplementation With Sceletium Tortuosum Extract.” ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT05471804, National Library of Medicine, 2022. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05471804. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[13] Cohen, Joe. “4 Sceletium Tortuosum (Kanna) Benefits + Safety & Side Effects.” SelfDecode Supplements, 2022. https://supplements.selfdecode.com/blog/sceletium-tortuosum/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[14] Reddy, Kaylan et al. “Skeletons in the Closet? Using a Bibliometric Lens to Visualise Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities Linked to Sceletium, a Mood Enhancer.” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 15, 21 Mar. 2024, Art. no. 1268101. doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1268101. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10991851/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[15] Patel, Kamal. “Kanna Benefits, Dosage, and Side Effects.” Examine.com, Examine.com, last updated 28 Sept. 2022. https://examine.com/supplements/kanna/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[16] Terburg, David, et al. “Acute Effects of Sceletium Tortuosum (Zembrin), a Dual 5-HT Reuptake and PDE4 Inhibitor, in the Human Amygdala and Its Connection to the Hypothalamus.” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 38, no. 13, Dec. 2013, pp. 2708-2716. Nature Publishing Group, doi:10.1038/npp.2013.183. https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2013183. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
Recent Development of Kanna Aerial Extract
Kanna Aerial Extract, derived from the Sceletium tortuosum plant, has a storied history of use by indigenous peoples of South Africa for its mood-altering properties and pain relieving[11]. In recent years, this traditional use has been explored through scientific research, particularly focusing on its potential as a natural remedy for enhancing mood, cognitive function, and providing relief from stress and anxiety.
Cognitive Function Enhancement
Research into the cognitive benefits of Zembrin® Kanna Aerial Extract (Sceletium tortuosum) has shown promising results. A study involving 21 healthy adults demonstrated that a daily intake of 25 mg of the extract over three weeks notably enhanced executive function and cognitive flexibility compared to a placebo. This study employed sophisticated techniques such as EEG Neurocode-Tracking and Eye-Tracking, which substantiate the extract’s efficacy in improving cognitive functions. Participants also experienced positive changes in mood and sleep, with the extract being well-tolerated and safe [17]. These findings suggest that Zembrin® could be an effective supplement for enhancing attention and memory, further supported by its use in traditional practices by indigenous South African communities for boosting endurance and mental clarity[16].
Stress Reduction and Anxiety Relief
Kanna Aerial Extract has been shown to have anxiolytic properties, which can be beneficial for stress reduction and anxiety relief. In a placebo-controlled study, the administration of Sceletium tortuosum plant extract (Zembrin) to 16 healthy participants resulted in reduced amygdala reactivity to fearful faces, which is indicative of decreased anxiety-related activity in the brain [19]. Additionally, the study demonstrated that amygdala–hypothalamus coupling was also reduced, further supporting the anxiolytic effects of the extract [19].
Mood Enhancement
The mood-enhancing effects of Kanna Aerial Extract have been substantiated by human studies. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, subjects receiving doses of Sceletium tortuosum extract reported improvements in mood[20]. These findings suggest that Kanna Aerial Extract can be a beneficial supplement for individuals seeking to improve their overall mood.
Safety and Tolerability
The safety profile of Kanna Aerial Extract is an important consideration for general readers concerned about health and well-being. Clinical trials have reported that treatment-emergent adverse effects are typically mild to moderate in nature, with the most commonly reported adverse effect being a headache, followed by abdominal pain[20]. There have been no reports of severe adverse reactions or herb-drug interactions to date, although it is recommended to avoid concurrent use with pharmaceuticals known to alter serotonin uptake or release[17][18].
Conclusion
Kanna Aerial Extract (Sceletium tortuosum) has shown potential as a health dietary nutraceutical supplement for mood enhancement, stress reduction, cognitive function improvement, and anxiety relief. Human studies have supported these uses, demonstrating the extract’s efficacy and safety for healthy adults. As research continues, Kanna Aerial Extract may become a more prominent component of natural remedy for mental well-being.
Clinical References:
[11] Manganyi, Madira Coutlyne et al. “A Chewable Cure “Kanna”: Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Sceletium tortuosum.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 26,9 2557. 28 Apr. 2021, doi:10.3390/molecules26092557. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8124331/
[16] Dimpfel, Wilfried, et al. “Psychophysiological Effects of Zembrin® Using Quantitative EEG Source Density in Combination with Eye-Tracking in 60 Healthy Subjects. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, 3-Armed Study with Parallel Design.” Neuroscience and Medicine, vol. 7, no. 3, Sept. 2016, https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=70480. Accessed 15 May 2024. DOI: 10.4236/nm.2016.73013.
[17] Brendler, Thomas, et al. “Sceletium for Managing Anxiety, Depression and Cognitive Impairment: A Traditional Herbal Medicine in Modern-Day Regulatory Systems.” Current Neuropharmacology, vol. 19, no. 9, 14 Sep. 2021, pp. 1384–1400. PubMed Central, doi:10.2174/1570159X19666210215124737. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8762184/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[18] “Sceletium Tortuosum Uses, Benefits & Dosage – Drugs.com Herbal Database.” Drugs.com, last updated on 23 Oct. 2023. https://www.drugs.com/npp/sceletium-tortuosum.html. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[19] Terburg, David, et al. “Acute Effects of Sceletium Tortuosum (Zembrin), a Dual 5-HT Reuptake and PDE4 Inhibitor, in the Human Amygdala and Its Connection to the Hypothalamus.” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 38, no. 13, Dec. 2013, pp. 2708-2716. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.183. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828542/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[20] Nell, Haylene, et al. “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Extract Sceletium tortuosum (Zembrin) in Healthy Adults.” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 19, no. 11, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2012.0185. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
What Are The Alternatives to Kanna Aerial Extract (Sceletium tortuosum) in the Market Now?
To find suitable dietary supplement alternatives to Kanna Aerial Extract (Sceletium tortuosum) for mood enhancement, stress relief, cognitive function, and energy boost, we can consider various supplements that have been studied for these specific benefits. Here’s a breakdown of potential alternatives based on the desired effects:
Mood Enhancement
- St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) – Known for its use in treating depression, St. John’s Wort could be a potential alternative for mood enhancement [23].
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids – These are linked to improved mood and reduced rates of depression [25].
- Probiotics – Emerging research suggests a connection between gut health and mood, indicating that probiotics might influence mood disorders positively [27].
Stress Relief
- Ashwagandha – While effective, it’s important to note that Ashwagandha may cause liver issues in some cases, so monitoring and moderation are advised [26].
- Rhodiola Rosea – Often used to combat fatigue and improve stress response.
Cognitive Function
- Ginkgo Biloba – Widely used for memory and cognitive enhancements [22].
- Phosphatidylserine – Shown to support cognitive functions such as memory and concentration [24].
- Vitamins B, D, and E – These vitamins are essential for cognitive health and can be supplemented to improve cognitive functions [29].
Energy Boost
- Caffeine – Well-known for its immediate energy-boosting effects, caffeine is found in many supplements and can improve alertness and performance [28].
- Guarana (Paullinia cupana) – Contains caffeine and is often used for its stimulant properties [23].
General Considerations
- Safety and Efficacy: It’s crucial to consider the safety and potential side effects of supplements. For instance, some supplements might be adulterated with pharmaceuticals, which poses health risks [21].
- Dosage and Bioavailability: The effectiveness of supplements can depend significantly on their dosage and bioavailability [22].
- Individual Differences: The impact of supplements can vary widely among individuals, so personal experiences might differ [22].
Conclusion
When considering alternatives to Kanna Aerial Extract for enhancing mood, relieving stress, boosting cognitive function, and increasing energy, it’s essential to choose supplements based on scientific evidence, safety profiles, and personal health conditions. Consulting with healthcare providers before starting any new supplement regimen is highly recommended to tailor choices to individual health needs and conditions.
Clinical References:
[21] Paiva, Rafael, et al. “Adulteration of Brain Health (Cognitive, Mood, and Sleep Enhancement) Food Supplements by the Addition of Pharmaceutical Drugs: A Comprehensive Review of Analytical Approaches and Trends.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 6, 16 Mar. 2024, pp. 908, doi:10.3390/foods13060908. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10969376/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[22] Fekete, Mónika, et al. “Improving Cognitive Function with Nutritional Supplements in Aging: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Clinical Studies Investigating the Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants, and Other Dietary Supplements.” Nutrients, vol. 15, no. 24, 15 Dec. 2023, pp. 5116, doi:10.3390/nu15245116. PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10746024/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[23] Dietary Supplements Among Adolescents: a Look at Poison Center Data.” The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics: JPPT: The Official Journal of PPAG, vol. 22, no. 6, 2017, pp. 385-393, doi:10.5863/1551-6776-22.6.385. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29290737/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[24] Tozser, Timea B., et al. “Older Adults as Informed Consumers: Guidance in Discussing the Utility of Dietary Supplements for Cognitive Function.” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol. 29, 2023, pp. 417-418. Semantic Scholar, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/898c47edd9049b503d8fd1fc13a93123b337645d. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[25] Jackson, Philippa A. “Biobehavioural and Cerebral Hemodynamic Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Healthy Individuals.” 2010. Semantic Scholar, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e3fe51b00d1af42c6641c21d243862969bc5559a. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024
[26] Vazirani, Sondra, et al. “Supplements Are Not a Synonym for Safe: Suspected Liver Injury From Ashwagandha.” Federal Practitioner: For the Health Care Professionals of the VA, DoD, and PHS, vol. 40, no. 9, 2023, pp. 315-319, doi:10.12788/fp.0409. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38562158/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[27] Mueller, Michael, et al. “Gut Health = Mental Health? The Impact of Diet and Dietary Supplements on Mood Disorders.” Current Nutrition Reports, vol. 9, no. 4, 2020, pp. 361-368, doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00340-2. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33170436/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[28] Peeling, Peter, et al. “Sports Foods and Dietary Supplements for Optimal Function and Performance Enhancement in Track-and-Field Athletes.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 29, no. 2, 2019, pp. 198-209, doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0271. PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30299192/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
[29] Szot, Monika, et al. “Can Nutrients and Dietary Supplements Potentially Improve Cognitive Performance Also in Esports?” Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 2, 18 Jan. 2022, pp. 186, doi:10.3390/healthcare10020186. PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8872051/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.
Frequently Asked Questions
Since Sceletium tortuosum-derived mesembrine significantly contributes to the anxiolytic effect of Zembrin®, but its anti-depressant effect may require synergy of multiple plant constituents; can Rafuma leaves extract (Apocynum venetum) contribute to the its anti-depressant effect?
Yes, Rafuma leaves extract (Apocynum venetum) can contribute to the antidepressant effect, as evidenced by studies on its antidepressant-like effects and mechanisms of action.
The extract from Apocynum venetum leaves has been shown to exhibit clear antidepressant-like effects in various animal models of depression.
Specifically, one study demonstrated that the antidepressant-like effect of Apocynum venetum extract was dependent on its interaction with the serotonergic system, particularly the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2 receptors[3].
Another study highlighted the extract’s interaction with the noradrenergic system, indicating that its antidepressant-like effect seems to be dependent on its interaction with α1-adrenoceptor, α2-adrenoceptor, and αβ-adrenoceptor systems[5].
These findings suggest that the flavonoids extracted from Apocynum venetum leaves have significant antidepressant-like effects through their interaction with both serotonergic and noradrenergic systems.
Given that the antidepressant effect of Sceletium tortuosum (from which Zembrin® is derived) may require the synergy of multiple plant constituents[2], and considering the distinct mechanisms through which Apocynum venetum extracts exert their antidepressant-like effects, it is plausible that combining these extracts could enhance the overall antidepressant effect.
The synergistic interaction between the different bioactive compounds in these extracts could potentially offer a broader range of mechanisms targeting various aspects of depression, thereby contributing to a more effective antidepressant effect.
In summary, while the proposition is scientifically plausible and holds therapeutic promise, rigorous research is needed to substantiate the potential of Rafuma leaves extract to enhance the antidepressant effects of Sceletium tortuosum through synergistic interactions.
References:
[2] Gericke, Johané, et al. “Sceletium Tortuosum-Derived Mesembrine Significantly Contributes to the Anxiolytic Effect of Zembrin®, But Its Anti-Depressant Effect May Require Synergy of Multiple Plant Constituents.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 319, pt. 1, 2024, 117113, doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117113. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37660956/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
[3] Liu, Chun-ming. “Studies on the Antidepressant-Like Effect and 5-HT Mechanisms of Flavonoids Extracted from Apocynum Venetum Leaves.” Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2012): n. pag. Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a35d09951f86271534dd8cdc69a4b0b1c091a478. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
[5] Liu, Chun-ming. “Study on the Antidepressant-Like Effect and NE Mechanisms of Flavonoids Extracted from Apocynum Venetum Leaves.” Guangdong Agricultural Sciences (2012): n. pag. Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ade98c7fe1e089c344de4e807b863701bf3cfd9c. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
Are there any pharmacological studies to investigate the interactions between the compounds in Rafuma and the alkaloids in Sceletium tortuosum, as well as their combined effects on relevant biological targets and behavioral outcomes in suitable models of depression. Additionally, understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of such combinations would be crucial to ascertain their efficacy and safety profiles?
There are no specific pharmacological studies that investigate the interactions between the compounds in Rafuma (Apocynum venetum) and the alkaloids in Sceletium tortuosum, nor their combined effects on relevant biological targets and behavioral outcomes in models of depression. The studies cited focus on the individual effects of Sceletium tortuosum and its alkaloids, such as mesembrine, mesembrenone, and others, on various models and biological targets related to depression and other conditions[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][12].
While these studies provide valuable insights into the pharmacological properties of Sceletium tortuosum and its constituents, they do not address the potential synergistic or interactive effects with Rafuma leaf extract. To fully understand the combined effects of these two plant extracts, dedicated studies examining their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy in depression models would be necessary. Such research would be crucial to ascertain the safety and therapeutic potential of combining these botanicals for the treatment of depression.
References:
[1] Royston, A. Gray, et al. “(52) KH-001 But Not Other Tested Alkaloids Derived from Sceletium Tortuosum Delays Ejaculation in the Rat Para-Chloroamphetamine (PCA) Model.” The Journal of Sexual Medicine (2023): n. pag. Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/35d1100402f66923901b61ef0a58d5f798214177. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
[2] Carpenter, Jessica M., et al. “The Effects of Sceletium Tortuosum (L.) N.E. Br. Extract Fraction in the Chick Anxiety-Depression Model.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 193, 2016, pp. 329-332, doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.019. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27553978/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
[3] Nell, Haylene, et al. “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Extract Sceletium Tortuosum (Zembrin) in Healthy Adults.” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 19, no. 11, 2013, pp. 898-904, doi:10.1089/acm.2012.0185. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23441963/. Accessed 11 Apr. 2024.
[4] “A Network Pharmacology-Based Approach to Explore the Therapeutic Potential of Sceletium Tortuosum in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders.” PLoS ONE, 2023, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9409587/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
[5] “Emodin inhibits H1N1 infection in vitro and in vivo: A potential anti-influenza drug targeting viral hemagglutinin.” European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013. n. pag. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/84c04124ea121b6c2a4d89f930067c8a6ab3f499. Accessed 14 April 2024.
[6] Chiu, Simon S., et al. “Exploring Zembrin Extract Derived from South African Plant, Sceletium Tortuosum in Targeting cAMP-Driven Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease: Synthesis of Evidence.” (2015). Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e2eefa9351d813fe30f5a06706e58425c49cd8ec. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
[7] Kotadiya, Manisha, et al. “In Silico Docking Analysis of Few Antidepressant Phytoconstituents of South African Endemic Plant Sceletium Tortuosum.” (2021). Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/09cbfcf92127fc2ad1d4511b68ac539808f9c4f2. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
[8] Schell, R. E. “Sceletium Tortuosum and Mesembrine: A Potential Alternative Treatment for Depression.” (2014). Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8d0a9c2952c2ab1a49991f9216417164f993222a. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
[12] Manda, Vamshi K., et al. “Quantification of Mesembrine and Mesembrenone in Mouse Plasma Using UHPLC-QToF-MS: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study.” Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 31, no. 3, 2017, doi:10.1002/bmc.3815. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27526669/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
Does Zembrin really work?
The effectiveness of Zembrin®, a standardized extract of the plant Sceletium tortuosum, has been the subject of several studies, and the results suggest that it may have beneficial effects on mood and anxiety. For instance, a study published in 2020 investigated the anxiolytic properties of Zembrin® and found that it ameliorated experimentally induced anxiety in healthy volunteers[5].
Another study conducted in 2021 as a pilot study examined the effects of acute Zembrin® supplementation on muscle soreness, mood, and exercise performance following unaccustomed resistance exercise. The findings indicated that short-term Zembrin® supplementation resulted in lower perceived soreness and a greater preservation of range of motion at 48 hours compared to a placebo group. Additionally, mood worsened from baseline to 48 hours regardless of treatment, but the decrements were exacerbated in the placebo group compared with the Zembrin® group[16].
Furthermore, another study compared the antidepressant properties of Zembrin® against escitalopram, a commonly prescribed antidepressant, in a rat model. The details of this study’s findings are not provided in the search results, but the fact that such a study was conducted suggests ongoing research interest in the potential antidepressant effects of Zembrin®[20].
These studies suggest that Zembrin® may have some beneficial effects on mood and anxiety, as well as on physical symptoms like muscle soreness. However, it is important to note that more extensive clinical trials and research are needed to fully understand the efficacy and safety of Zembrin® for these uses, as well as its mechanism of action and potential side effects.
References:
[5] Reay, Jonathon, et al. “Sceletium Tortuosum (Zembrin®) Ameliorates Experimentally Induced Anxiety in Healthy Volunteers.” Human Psychopharmacology, vol. 35, no. 6, 2020, pp. 1-7, doi:10.1002/hup.2753. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32761980/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
[16] Berry, Angela C., et al. “Effects of Zembrin® (Sceletium Tortuosum) Supplementation on Mood, Soreness, and Performance Following Unaccustomed Resistance Exercise: A Pilot Study.” Nutraceuticals (2021): n. pag. Semantic Scholar, www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c55af9b7f23c9fae78a7c1ba2c823581b6072389. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
[20] Gericke, Johané, et al. “An Acute Dose-Ranging Evaluation of the Antidepressant Properties of Sceletium Tortuosum (Zembrin®) Versus Escitalopram in the Flinders Sensitive Line Rat.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 284, 2022, 114550, doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114550. PubMed, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34454055/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
Does Zembrin have side effects?
The study titled “Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Study of Cognition Effects of the Proprietary Extract Sceletium tortuosum (Zembrin) Targeting Phosphodiesterase-4 in Cognitively Healthy Subjects: Implications for Alzheimer’s Dementia” does not report any significant side effects of Zembrin. The study found that Zembrin was well tolerated by the subjects who participated in the trial. The participants were cognitively healthy subjects who received a 25 mg capsule of Zembrin or a placebo once daily for 3 weeks. The study monitored side effects with the treatment emergent adverse events scale and reported positive changes in mood and sleep, with no significant adverse effects[1].
References:
[1] Chiu, Simon, et al. “Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Study of Cognition Effects of the Proprietary Extract Sceletium Tortuosum (Zembrin) Targeting Phosphodiesterase-4 in Cognitively Healthy Subjects: Implications for Alzheimer’s Dementia.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2014, 2014, Article ID 682014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217361/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2024.
Can I take Zembrin daily?
Zembrin is a patented standardized extract of the South African plant Sceletium tortuosum, known for its use in traditional medicine to relieve stress and improve mood.
To determine if Zembrin can be taken daily, it would be advisable to consult the product’s labeling or seek advice from a healthcare professional. They can provide guidance based on the most current research and consider any individual health conditions or medications that might interact with Zembrin.