Unlocking the Potential of the Red Ginseng Extract: A Comprehensive Guide

Red Ginseng Extract plays a significant role in enhancing the immune system, as evidenced by various studies that have explored its effects on immune responses and cytokine production. One such study highlighted the immune-enhancing effects of Lactobacillus paracasei HY7017 cultured with Red Ginseng Extract, which showed increased production of immune-enhancing cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6[28]. This finding underscores the potential of Red Ginseng Extract as a powerful agent in modulating the immune system and enhancing its response to pathogens and diseases.

Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells. They are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and various stromal cells. Cytokines act through receptors and are especially important in the immune system; they modulate the balance between humoral and cell-based immune responses, and they regulate the maturation, growth, and responsiveness of particular cell populations. Some cytokines enhance or inhibit the action of other cytokines in complex ways.

TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) and IL-6 (Interleukin-6) are examples of cytokines that play crucial roles in immune regulation and response. TNF-α is involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by other cell types as well. TNF-α’s primary role is in the regulation of immune cells, and it is able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death, sepsis (through IL-1 & IL-6 production), cachexia, inflammation, and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. Dysregulation of TNF-α production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, major depression, Psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

IL-6 is another key cytokine that plays a role in immune response and is involved in inflammation and infection responses, as well as in the regulation of metabolic, regenerative, and neural processes. IL-6 is produced by T cells and macrophages in response to pathogens and in areas of tissue damage leading to inflammation. It is also involved in the regulation of the acute phase response, which is part of the innate immune system’s response to infection. IL-6’s role in inflammation and the immune response makes it a target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases.

The synergistic effect of Red Ginseng Extract with other substances, such as Lactobacillus paracasei HY7017, in enhancing the production of these cytokines, suggests that Red Ginseng Extract can significantly contribute to immune system enhancement. This is particularly important in conditions where the immune system is compromised or in need of support to combat infections and other diseases. The ability of Red Ginseng Extract to modulate the production of crucial cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 highlights its potential as a natural supplement for boosting immune health and regulating immune responses[28].

Support for Chronic Conditions

Red Ginseng Extract has shown promise in supporting the management of chronic conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. An open-label trial using HRG80™ Red Ginseng demonstrated significant improvements in energy, well-being, and mental clarity in patients suffering from these conditions [6]. This indicates the potential of RGE to alleviate symptoms and enhance the quality of life in individuals with chronic health issues.

Origin of Red Ginseng Extract

Historical Background and Processing

Red ginseng extract originates from the root of the Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer plant, a species indigenous to East Asia, predominantly in regions like Korea, China, and parts of Siberia. The use of ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine extends back over millennia, where it has been revered for its therapeutic properties. The distinctive process that yields red ginseng involves harvesting the ginseng root typically when the plant is about six years of age, followed by a unique steaming and subsequent drying process. This method not only prolongs the root’s preservation period but also augments its medicinal attributes [6][9][10][3][11][12][13][14][7][15][16].

Enhancement of Health Benefits

The steaming process that Panax ginseng roots undergo to become red ginseng modifies the chemical composition of the ginsenosides, which are the active pharmacological components. This alteration is believed to amplify the root’s health-promoting properties, distinguishing red ginseng from white ginseng, which is merely air-dried without steaming [6][9][10][3][11][12][13][14][7][15][16].

Clinical Studies and Health Implications

Ginseng may have various health benefits, as suggested by clinical studies, including those on immune system fortification and antioxidant effects.

Clinical studies have investigated the health benefits of red ginseng extract, focusing on its potential to fortify the immune system, enhance stamina and mental alertness, and serve as an antioxidant. Research has also explored red ginseng’s effects on blood circulation and its anti-inflammatory properties. For instance, a study on the synergistic effect of Korean red ginseng extract and GABA mixture reported a balance in Th1/Th2 cell populations, which is crucial for immune response [8].

Additionally, red ginseng extract has been shown to have beneficial effects on atopic dermatitis patients, improving disease severity and skin barrier function [9]. Moreover, Korean red ginseng extract has been evaluated for its impact on blood circulation in healthy volunteers, demonstrating significant inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation [11] .

Global Popularity and Applications

The global appeal of red ginseng has expanded beyond its traditional medicinal use, finding its way into various health supplements, skincare, and wellness products. Its historical significance in Asian medicine and the growing body of clinical evidence supporting its health benefits underscore its enduring popularity and the perceived efficacy of red ginseng extract in promoting overall well-being [6][9][10][3][11][12][13][14][7][15][16].

Pros of Red Ginseng Extract

Immune System Enhancement

Clinical studies have indicated that Red Ginseng Extract may bolster the immune system. For instance, Korean Red Ginseng extract has been shown to exhibit various pharmacological effects, including potential benefits for the immune function [28]. This aligns with the traditional use of ginseng to enhance the body’s resistance to illness and infection.

Mental Performance and Concentration

Research suggests that Red Ginseng Extract could have a positive impact on mental performance and concentration. A study on the effects of Korean red ginseng on children with symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity reported significant improvements in inattention/hyperactivity scores [19], indicating potential benefits for cognitive functions.

Energy Levels and Fatigue Reduction

Red Ginseng Extract has been associated with increased energy levels and reduced fatigue. A pilot trial of HRG80™ Red Ginseng in chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and post-viral fatigue showed marked improvement in energy, cognition, and stamina among participants [6]. Another study found reduced self-perception of fatigue after intake of Panax ginseng root extract formulated with vitamins and minerals [21].

Sexual Function and Libido

Several studies have explored the effects of Red Ginseng Extract on sexual function and libido. For example, Korean red ginseng was investigated for its potential to improve sexual function in premenopausal women, showing improvements in sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction domains [18]. Additionally, effects on sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction were studied, with some evidence of benefit [20].

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties

The antioxidant properties of Red Ginseng Extract may help combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation. A study on the anti-hyperglycemic activities of Korean Red Ginseng suggested that its antioxidant effects could be beneficial [22]. These properties contribute to the overall wellness and longevity by potentially mitigating oxidative damage and inflammatory responses in the body.

Blood Sugar Regulation

Red Ginseng Extract may also play a role in regulating blood sugar levels, which is particularly important for individuals with diabetes. A study on the mechanism of American ginseng extract for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus based on metabolomics highlighted improvements in various metabolic biomarkers related to diabetes [17].

Heart Health Improvement

Studies have indicated that RGE can influence lipid metabolism, which is crucial for heart health. Ginsenosides have been shown to have hypolipidemic effects, which include lowering the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol while potentially raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol[30]. This lipid-modulating effect can reduce the risk of plaque formation in the arteries, thus preventing conditions like atherosclerosis.

Research has also shown that RGE can exert protective effects on myocardial cells, which are the cells that make up the heart muscle. For instance, ginsenosides have been found to protect heart cells from oxidative stress-induced damage, thereby preserving heart function[29].

Cons of Red Ginseng Extract

Based on the latest clinical studies on humans, the cons of Red Ginseng Extract (RGE) can be summarized as follows:

Potential for Increased Inflammation in Certain Conditions

A study highlighted that Red Ginseng Water Extract could aggravate inflammation in human sebocytes and outer root sheath cells after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in mice with Cutibacterium acnes-induced inflammatory nodules[7]. Although this study includes animal models, the in vitro findings on human cells suggest that RGE might exacerbate inflammation under certain conditions, such as in the presence of bacterial components like LPS.

Unchanged or Decreased Plasma Concentrations of Certain Ginsenosides with Co-administration

When RGE was co-administered with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), the plasma concentrations of certain ginsenosides (GRb1, GRb2, and GRc) remained unchanged, whereas the area under the curve (AUC) values of GRd and GRg3 significantly decreased[2]. This indicates that the expected pharmacokinetic benefits of combining RGE with LAB may not extend to all ginsenosides, potentially limiting the efficacy of some components of RGE when used in conjunction with LAB.

No Significant Effects on Head or Face Temperature and Serum Biomarkers

A study comparing the effects of a standardized Korean Black Ginseng Extract (KGR-BG1) with Korean Red Ginseng Extract and a placebo found no significant differences in head, face, or body temperatures among the treatment groups[5]. Additionally, after 6 weeks of treatment, the serum levels of biomarkers associated with inflammation, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism were similar to baseline levels in all treatment groups. While this study primarily aimed to assess the effects of KGR-BG1, the inclusion of RGE as a comparison group and the lack of significant findings suggest that RGE may not have notable effects on these physiological parameters.

It’s important to note that while these studies provide insights into potential cons of RGE, the overall body of research on RGE includes both positive and negative findings. The specific effects of RGE can vary based on the individual, the specific conditions under which it is used, and the components of the extract being studied.

**Clinical References**:

2] Jeon, Ji-Hyeon et al. “Concomitant Administration of Red Ginseng Extract with Lactic Acid Bacteria Increases the Plasma Concentration of Deglycosylated Ginsenosides in Healthy Human Subjects.” Biomolecules vol. 12,12 1896. 17 Dec. 2022, doi:10.3390/biom12121896 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9775652/ 

[5] Park, Sang-In et al. “KGR-BG1, a Standardized Korean Black Ginseng Extract, Has No Significant Effects on Head or Face Temperature Compared with Korean Red Ginseng Extract and a Placebo.” Journal of medicinal food vol. 25,6 (2022): 636-644. doi:10.1089/jmf.2022.K.0007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35708631/ 

[7] Kwack, Mi Hee et al. “Red Ginseng Water Extract Aggravates Inflammation in Sebocytes and Outer Root Sheath Cells after Treatment with Lipopolysaccharide and Mice with Cutibacterium acnesinduced Inflammatory Nodules.” Journal of Mycology and Infection (2023): n. Pag. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b6bdcf9aed03e152a3445db9bcaef1bb2aee4c83

Recent Development of Red Ginseng Extract

Cognitive Health Benefits

Recent studies have highlighted the potential of red ginseng extract in enhancing cognitive functions. A study published in 2023 investigated the therapeutic properties of fermented ginseng berry extract (GBE) for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The fermented GBE, rich in active ginsenosides, exhibited antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. It showed promise in improving cognitive function and reducing neurodegeneration in an AF64A-induced memory deficit model, suggesting its potential as a natural product for the prevention and treatment of AD and other cognitive disorders [27].

Immune System Enhancement

The immune-boosting properties of red ginseng have been a focus of recent research. A study from 2023 showed that Korean Red Ginseng extract (RGE) significantly blocked the interaction between human PD-1 and PD-L1 in a competitive ELISA. This effect was associated with the suppression of tumor growth and increased CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumors, suggesting that RGE exhibits anticancer effects through the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and could be further developed as an immunotherapy [26].

These developments in the research of red ginseng extract underscore its multifaceted potential in health and wellness, with ongoing studies continuing to uncover its various therapeutic applications.

What are the Terpenoids health supplement alternatives to Red Ginseng Extract:

Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled in thousands of ways. They are found in a wide variety of plants and are known for their aromatic qualities and potential health benefits, similar to those attributed to red ginseng extract. When considering terpenoid-containing health supplement alternatives to red ginseng extract, several options stand out due to their adaptogenic or health-promoting properties:

• 1. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) – This herb contains withanolides, a group of terpenoids that are said to help reduce stress and anxiety, improve brain function, and boost vitality, much like red ginseng.
• 2. Rhodiola roseaRhodiola Rosea – Known for its rosavins and salidroside (terpenoid compounds), Rhodiola is celebrated for enhancing energy, stamina, strength, and mental capacity. It is often used to help the body adapt to and resist physical, chemical, and environmental stress.
• 3. Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum) – Also known as Tulsi, it contains ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, which are terpenoids with strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Holy Basil is revered for its ability to elevate mood, enhance stamina, and increase endurance.
• 4. Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo Biloba – This ancient plant is rich in ginkgolides and bilobalides, which are specific types of terpenoids. Ginkgo is widely used for its potential to improve cognitive function, promote healthy blood circulation, and support brain health.
• 5. Perilla frutescens – Commonly known as perilla, this plant contains perillaldehyde, a terpenoid that has shown anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and anxiolytic properties.

These alternatives not only share some of the adaptogenic and health-enhancing properties of red ginseng but also contribute their unique benefits that may be suitable for different health needs and preferences.

References:

[1] Jung, J. E., H. J. Yoon, H. S. Yu, N-K. Lee, H-S. Jee, and H-D. Paik. “Short Communication: Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Milk Supplemented with Red Ginseng Extract.” J Dairy Sci, vol. 98, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 95-99. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8476. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25465553/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[2] Ma, Guo-Dong, et al. “Changbai Mountain Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) Extract Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Energy Utilization and Decreases Fatigue-Associated Parameters in Mice.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 22, no. 2, 5 Feb. 2017, Art. no. 237. doi:10.3390/molecules22020237. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6155832/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[3] Ahn, Jong Chan, et al. “Transcriptome Expression Profile of Compound-K-Enriched Red Ginseng Extract (DDK-401) in Korean Volunteers and Its Apoptotic Properties.” Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022. PubMed Central, doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.999192. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9751427/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[4] Jiang, Shu-Long, et al. “Adjuvant Effects of Fermented Red Ginseng Extract on Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Chemotherapy.” Chin J Integr Med, vol. 23, no. 5, May 2017, pp. 331-337. doi:10.1007/s11655-015-2146-x. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26142337/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[5] Mo, Sung Joon, et al. “Characterization of Novel Lactobacillus paracasei HY7017 Capable of Improving Physiological Properties and Immune Enhancing Effects Using Red Ginseng Extract.” Fermentation, 2021. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/65993f1bb4b9aa15e96fe89382f1e7ae76a41436. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[6] Teitelbaum, Jacob, and Sarah Goudie. “An Open-Label, Pilot Trial of HRG80™ Red Ginseng in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Post-Viral Fatigue.” Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2022. PubMed Central, doi:10.3390/ph15010043. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8777686/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[7] Chung, Tae-Ha, et al. “The Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Biological Aging and Antioxidant Capacity in Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study.” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 9, 2021, Art. no. 3090. PubMed Central, doi:10.3390/nu13093090. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8469655/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[8] Lim, Jung Sik, et al. “Synergistic Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and GABA Mixture on the IgE Production in Mice via Th1/Th2 Cell Balance.” Food Sci Biotechnol, vol. 30, no. 12, 28 Oct. 2021, pp. 1571-1580. doi:10.1007/s10068-021-00985-x. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34868705/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[9] Kim, Hyeree, Chun Wook Park, and Sang Hyun Cho. “The Beneficial Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract on Atopic Dermatitis Patients: An 8 Weeks Open, Noncomparative Clinical Study.” Annals of Dermatology, vol. 30, no. 3, 2018, pp. 304-308. PubMed Central, doi:10.5021/ad.2018.30.3.304. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5929947/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[10] Park, Sang-In, et al. “KGR-BG1, a Standardized Korean Black Ginseng Extract, Has No Significant Effects on Head or Face Temperature Compared with Korean Red Ginseng Extract and a Placebo.” Journal of Medicinal Food, vol. 25, no. 6, June 2022, pp. 636-644. doi:10.1089/jmf.2022.K.0007. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35708631/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[11] Shin, Kyeong-Soeb, et al. “Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract on Blood Circulation in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Journal of Ginseng Research 31 (2007): 109-116. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e8b7664a8dd97a2822e80fb51a51632fc4c8e7df. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[12] Park, Soo Kyung, et al. “Long-term Evaluation of Safety and Biological Effects of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax Ginseng): A Long-term in Vivo Study.” BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, vol. 22, 2022. PubMed Central, doi:10.1186/s12906-022-03736-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9635099/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[13] Kim, Hyung Joong, et al. “Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenoside Rb1, Rg3, Rk1, Rg5, F2, and Compound K from Red Ginseng Extract in Healthy Korean Volunteers.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM, vol. 2022, 24 Jan. 2022, Art. no. 8427519. doi:10.1155/2022/8427519. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8803428/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[14] Chargo, Nicholas J., et al. “Korean Red Ginseng Extract Prevents Bone Loss in an Oral Model of Glucocorticoid Induced Osteoporosis in Mice.” Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2023. PubMed Central, doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1268134. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10963623/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[15] Klang, Victoria, et al. “Dermal Delivery of Korean Red Ginseng Extract: Impact on Storage Stability of Different Carrier Systems and Evaluation of Rg1 and Rb1 Skin Permeation Ex Vivo.” Pharmaceutics, 2023. PubMed Central, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15010056. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9864683/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[16] Park, Sang-Jin, et al. “Subacute Oral Toxicity Study of Korean Red Ginseng Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats.” Toxicological Research, vol. 29, no. 4, 2013, pp. 285-292. doi:10.5487/TR.2013.29.4.285. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3936181/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[17] Liu, Tiantian, et al. “Study on the Mechanism of American Ginseng Extract for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Metabolomics.” Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022. PubMed Central, doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.960050. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9479495/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[18] Chung, Ho Seok, et al. “The Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on Sexual Function in Premenopausal Women: Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Clinical Trial.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM, vol. 2015, 2015, Art. no. 913158. doi:10.1155/2015/913158. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700177/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[19] Ko, Hae-Jin, Inbo Kim, Jong-Bae Kim, Yong Moon, Min-Cheol Whang, Keun-Mi Lee, and Seung-Pil Jung. “Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Extract on Behavior in Children with Symptoms of Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.” J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, vol. 24, no. 9, Nov. 2014, pp. 501-508. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0013. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25369174/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[20] Choi, Y. D., Park, C. W., Jang, J., Kim, S. H., Jeon, H. Y., Kim, W. G., Lee, S. J., & Chung, W. S. “Effects of Korean Ginseng Berry Extract on Sexual Function in Men with Erectile Dysfunction: A Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Study.” Int J Impot Res, vol. 25, no. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2013, pp. 45-50. doi:10.1038/ijir.2012.45. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23254461/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[21] Tardy, Anne-Laure, et al. “Reduced Self-Perception of Fatigue after Intake of Panax ginseng Root Extract (G115®) Formulated with Vitamins and Minerals-An Open-Label Study.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 18, no. 12, 9 Jun. 2021, Art. no. 6257. doi:10.3390/ijerph18126257. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8296094/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[22] Hong, Ji‐Yoon, et al. “Anti‐hyperglycemic Activities of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) and Arginyl‐fructose‐enriched Red Ginseng Extracts In‐vitro and In‐vivo Animal Models.” The FASEB Journal, vol. 36, no. S1, 2022, doi:10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R4395. https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R4395. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[26] Lee, E.-J., H.-S. Cho, J.-H. Yoon, H.J. Yoon, C.-K. Choi, J.-G. Choi. “Antitumor Effect of Korean Red Ginseng through Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction in a Humanized PD-L1 Knock-In MC38 Cancer Mouse Model.” PubMed Central, 30 Jan. 2024, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9915403/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[27] Yoon, Eun-Jung, et al. “Improvement of Cognitive Function by Fermented Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer Berries Extracts in an AF64A-Induced Memory Deficit Model.” Nutrients, vol. 15, no. 15, 30 Jul. 2023, p. 3389, doi:10.3390/nu15153389. PubMed Central, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10421307/. Accessed 21 Apr. 2024.

[28] Mo, Sung Joon et al. “Characterization of Novel Lactobacillus paracasei HY7017 Capable of Improving Physiological Properties and Immune Enhancing Effects Using Red Ginseng Extract.” Fermentation (2021): n. Pag. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/65993f1bb4b9aa15e96fe89382f1e7ae76a41436 

[29] Zhao, Yan et al. “Protective Effects of Ginsenosides (20R)-Rg3 on H2 O2 -Induced Myocardial Cell Injury by Activating Keap-1/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway.” Chemistry & biodiversity vol. 18,4 (2021): e2001007. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202001007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33624427/